Myocardial bridges and competitive sports fitness between past and future
Main Article Content
Abstract
The myocardial bridge is an intramural course of a coronary artery in which a more or less long section of a coronary branch, instead of running normally on the epicardial surface of the heart, deepens early in the myocardium, coming to be surrounded by a ring or sleeve of muscle fiber cells that, contracting in systole, can cause an ab-extrinsic “throttling” of the artery. The guidelines for granting eligibility for competitive sports have evolved over time: from 2009, when any case of myocardial bridging indicated exclusion of eligibility, to today, when only significant bridges, i.e. ‘long’ bridges > 1 cm and > 3 mm deep, place a restriction on competitive sports activity.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Elio A, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Piseri M., Halasz G., Biasini V., Capelli B., Nardecchia S., Fallavolita L., Petroni R., Penco M., Romano S.. Electrocardiographic characteristics of a population of athletes aged 8-16 years: a comparison with the young adult athlete. Sports Medicine. 2019 Sep;72(3):385-94
Landry CH, Allan KS, Connelly KA, Cunningham K, Morrison LJ, Dorian P; Rescu Investigators. Sudden Cardiac Arrest during Participation in Competitive Sports. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 16;377(20):1943-1953. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615710. PMID: 29141175; PMCID: PMC5726886.
Karam N, Marijon E, Jouven X. Cardiac Arrest during Competitive Sports. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 12;378(15):1463. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1802593. PMID: 29648426.
Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, Anastassakis A, Arbustini E, Assanelli D, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Carrè F, Corrado D, Delise P, Dorwarth U, Hirth A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Mellwig KP, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Pisani A, Solberg EE, van-Buuren F, Vanhees L, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Deligiannis A, Dugmore D, Glikson M, Hoff PI, Hoffmann A, Hoffmann E, Horstkotte D, Nordrehaug JE, Oudhof J, McKenna WJ, Penco M, Priori S, Reybrouck T, Senden J, Spataro A, Thiene G; Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology; Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005 Jul;26(14):1422-45. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi325. Epub 2005 May 27. PMID: 15923204.
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 3;42(11):1959-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.03.002. PMID: 14662259.
Angelini P, Velasco JA, Flamm S. Coronary anomalies: incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. Circulation. 2002 May 21;105(20):2449-54. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000016175.49835.57. PMID: 12021235.
Angelini P, Trivellato M, Donis J, Leachman RD. Myocardial bridges: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;26(1):75-88. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(83)90019-1. PMID: 6346395.
Reyman HC. Diss. de vasis cordis propriis. Bibl Anat. 1737;2:359-379.
PORSTMANN W, IWIG J. [Intramural coronary vessels in the angiogram]. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1960 Feb;92:129-33. German. PMID: 14434245.
Faruqui AM, Maloy WC, Felner JM, Schlant RC, Logan WD, Symbas P. Symptomatic myocardial bridging of coronary artery. Am J Cardiol. 1978 Jun;41(7):1305-10. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90890-1. PMID: 307341.
Channer KS, Bukis E, Hartnell G, Rees JR. Myocardial bridging of the coronary arteries. Clin Radiol. 1989 Jul;40(4):355-9. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(89)80118-7. PMID: 2527105.
Irvin RG. The angiographic prevalence of myocardial bridging in man. Chest. 1982 Feb;81(2):198-202. doi: 10.1378/chest.81.2.198. PMID: 7056084.
Schwarz ER, Klues HG, vom Dahl J, Klein I, Krebs W, Hanrath P. Functional, angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow characteristics in symptomatic patients with myocardial bridging: effect of short-term intravenous beta-blocker medication. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Jun;27(7):1637-45. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00062-9. PMID: 8636548.
Ge J, Erbel R, Rupprecht HJ, Koch L, Kearney P, Görge G, Haude M, Meyer J. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation. 1994 Apr;89(4):1725-32. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.4.1725. PMID: 8149538.
Klues HG, Schwarz ER, vom Dahl J, Reffelmann T, Reul H, Potthast K, Schmitz C, Minartz J, Krebs W, Hanrath P. Disturbed intracoronary hemodynamics in myocardial bridging: early normalization by intracoronary stent placement. Circulation. 1997 Nov 4;96(9):2905-13. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.9.2905. PMID: 9386156.
Sánchez V, Zamorano J. New approach to the diagnosis of myocardial bridging by intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler. Eur Heart J. 1999 Dec;20(23):1687-8. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1999.1776. PMID: 10562473.
Kneale BJ, Stewart AJ, Coltart DJ. A case of myocardial bridging: evaluation using intracoronary ultrasound, Doppler flow measurement, and quantitative coronary angiography. Heart. 1996 Oct;76(4):374-6. doi: 10.1136/hrt.76.4.374. PMID: 8983690; PMCID: PMC484555.
Rossi L, Dander B, Nidasio GP, Arbustini E, Paris B, Vassanelli C, Buonanno C, Poppi A. Myocardial bridges and ischemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1980 Aug;1(4):239-45. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061125. PMID: 7274234.
GEIRINGER E. The mural coronary. Am Heart J. 1951 Mar;41(3):359-68. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(51)90036-1. PMID: 14818948.
Tauth J, Sullebarger T. Myocardial infarction associated with myocardial bridging: case history and review of the literature. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1997 Apr;40(4):364-7. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199704)40:4<364::aid-ccd9>3.0.co;2-7. PMID: 9096936.
Arjomand H, AlSalman J, Azain J, Amin D. Myocardial bridging of left circumflex coronary artery associated with acute myocardial infarction. J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 Aug;12(8):431-4. PMID: 10953110.
Amitani K, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi N, Uchida T, Kushikata Y, Munakata K. Two cases of myocardial bridging associated with myocardial ischemia [Japanese]. J Nippon Med Sch. 2000;67:206-209.
Schar B. Myocardial bridging: symptoms of a coronary artery disease that sometimes is not [German]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 2001; 90:1923-1928.
Akdemir R, Gunduz H, Emiroglu Y, Uyan C. Myocardial bridging as a cause of acute myocardial infarction: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2002 Sep 21;2:15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-2-15. PMID: 12243650; PMCID: PMC128836.
Yetman AT, McCrindle BW, MacDonald C, Freedom RM, Gow R. Myocardial bridging in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--a risk factor for sudden death. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 22;339(17):1201-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199810223391704. PMID: 9780340.
Murtaza G, Mukherjee D, Gharacholou SM, Nanjundappa A, Lavie CJ, Khan AA, Shanmugasundaram M, Paul TK. An Updated Review on Myocardial Bridging. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2020 Sep;21(9):1169-1179. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.02.014. Epub 2020 Feb 18. PMID: 32173330.
Tauth J, Sullebarger T. Myocardial infarction associated with myocardial bridging: case history and review of the literature. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1997 Apr;40(4):364-7. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199704)40:4<364::aid-ccd9>3.0.co;2-7. PMID: 9096936.
Sternheim D, Power DA, Samtani R, Kini A, Fuster V, Sharma S. Myocardial Bridging: Diagnosis, Functional Assessment, and Management: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Nov 30;78(22):2196-2212. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.859. PMID: 34823663.
Aden D, Phulware RH, Mittal S, Ahuja A. Myocardial bridging - Sudden unexpected death of a young girl: A case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2022 Jan-Mar;65(1):157-159. doi: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_1177_20. PMID: 35074984.