Process for the Production of Vaccines in Basic Steps

Main Article Content

Jeyatheepan Jeyaretnam*

Abstract

Abstract


Understanding the complexity and cost factors associated with vaccine production is essential for informing decision-making by companies, governments, and policymakers considering investments in vaccine manufacturing for immunization and outbreak response. Top multinational companies are well aware of the complex manufacturing processes, the high technological and R&D barriers to market entry and the costs associated with vaccine production. Policymakers in developing countries, donors and investors, however, may not be aware of the factors that continue to limit the number of new manufacturers and have led to attrition and consolidation among existing manufacturers. Through providing a general and consolidated overview of these requirements, we aim to raise awareness in the global community of the benefits and costs of vaccine manufacturing and the challenges associated with maintaining a constant supply.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Jeyaretnam*, J. (2025). Process for the Production of Vaccines in Basic Steps. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiology, 034–037. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-2976.000224
Mini Reviews

Copyright (c) 2025 Jeyaretnam J.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.

We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.

Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]

Explanation

'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.

Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.

With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:

License Name

Permission to read and download

Permission to display in a repository

Permission to translate

Commercial uses of manuscript

CC BY 4.0

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.

Pollard AJ, Bijker EM. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(2):83–100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7

Yadav D, Agarwal S, Pancham P, Jindal D, Agarwal V, Dubey PK, et al. Probing the Immune System Dynamics of the COVID-19 Disease for Vaccine Designing and Drug Repurposing Using Bioinformatics Tools. Immuno. 2022;2(2):344–371. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020022

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/

Coronaviridae. Fenner's Veterinary. 2017;435–461. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6

Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA. Vaccines. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1284830

Heinz FX, Stiasny K. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action. NPJ Vaccines. 2021;6(1):104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00369-6

Astronomo RD, Burton DR. Carbohydrate vaccines: developing sweet solutions to sticky situations?. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(4):308–324. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3012

Ewer K, Sebastian S, Spencer AJ, Gilbert S, Hill AVS, Lambe T. Chimpanzee adenoviral vectors as vaccines for outbreak pathogens. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(12):3020–3032. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1383575

Pfizer. Manufacturing and Distributing the COVID-19 Vaccine. 2023. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/science/coronavirus/vaccine/manufacturing-and-distribution

Reichmuth AM, Oberli MA, Jaklenec A, Langer R, Blankschtein D. mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles. Ther Deliv. 2016;7(5):319–334. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4155/tde-2016-0006

Yu Y, Esposito D, Kang Z, Lu J, Remaley AT, Giorgi V, et al. mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies more effective than natural immunity in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and its high affinity variants. Sci Rep. 2022;12:2628. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06629-2

Rijkers GT, Weterings N, Obregon-Henao A, Lepolder M, Dutt TS, van Overveld FJ, Henao-Tamayo M. Antigen Presentation of mRNA-Based and Virus-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(8):848. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080848