Numerical Analysis of Arterial Plaque Thickness and its Impact on Artery Wall Compliance
Main Article Content
Abstract
A numerical analysis was completed on the influence of plaque on the compliance of an artery wall. The analysis allowed a systematic variation of the transluminal pressure difference and plaque thickness. Included in the analysis was a sheath of surrounding tissue that provides support during the cyclical deformation. The analysis incorporated progressively thicker layers of plaque to quantify their impact on the artery compliance. It was found that the presence of plaque plays a significant role in reducing the compliance. It is also shown that modest reductions in plaque thickness can result in large changes in the compliance and a positive health outcome. The calculations also included only a health artery (absence of plaque). The healthy artery possessed the largest compliance of the cases. The healthy-artery results were compared with literature and found to be in good agreement. The calculations were made with four different transmural pressure variations to capture the entire range of possible values. The results for all pressure waveforms agreed qualitatively although there was some difference in magnitude.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2015 Vallez LJ, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Ku DN (1997) Blood Flow in Arteries Annu Rev Fluid Mech 29: 399-434.
Stehbens WE, Davis PF, Martin BJ (1990) Blood Flow in Large Arteries: Applications to Atherogenesis and Clinical Medicine Monograph Atheroscler Basel, Karger 15: 1-15.
Sabbah HN, Khaja F, Brymer JF, Hawkings ET, Stein PD (1990) Blood flow in the Coronary Arteries of Man: Relation to Atherosclerosis. Monograph Atheroscler Basel Karger 15: 77-90.
Friedman MH, Bargeron CB, Mark FF (1990) Variability of geometry, Hemodynamics and Intimal Response of Human Arteries. Monograph Atheroscler Basel Karger 15: 109-116.
Caro CG, Fitz-Gerald JM, Schroter RC (1971) Atheroma and Arterial Wall Shear Observation, Correlation, and Proposal of a Shear Dependent Mass Transfer Mechanism for Atherogenesis. Proc Rey Soc Lon B 177: 109-159.
Kamiya A, Togawa T (1980) Adaptive Regulation of Wall Shear Stress to Flow Change in the Canine Carotid Artery. Am J Physiol 239: H14-H21.
Zarins CK, Giddens DP, Bharadvaj BK, Sottiurai VS, Mabon RF, et al. (1983) Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis Quantitative Correlation of Plaque Localization with Flow Velocity Profiles and Wall Shear Stress. Circulation Research 53: 502-514.
Ku DN, Giddens DP, Zarins CK, Glagov S (1985) Pulsatile Flow and Atherosclerosis in the Human Carotid Artery Bifurcation Positive Correlation Between Plaque Location and Low Oscillating Shear Stress: Arteriosclerosis 5: 293-302.
Sprague EQ, Steinbach BL, Nerem RM, Schwartz CJ (1987) Influence of a Laminar Steady-State Fluid-Imposed WWall Shear Stress on the Binding, Internalization, and Degradation of Low-Densiyt Lipoproteins by Cultured Arterial Endothelium. Circulation 76: 648-656.
Nerem RM (1990) Vascular Endothelial Response to Shear Stress. Monograph Atheroscler Basel, Karger 15: 117-124.
Lorthios S, Lagree PY, C Marc-Vergnes JP, Cassot F (2000) Maximal Wall Shear Stress in Arterial Stenosis: Application to Internal Carotid Arteries. J Biomech Eng 122: 661-666.
Khaled ARA, Vafai K (2003) The Role of Porous Media in Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer in Biological Tissues. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 46: 4989-5003.
Khanafer K, Vafai K (2006) The Role of Porous Media in Biomedical Engineering as Related to Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Drug Delivery. Heat Mass Transfer 42: 939-953.
Khakpour M, Vafai K (2008) A Critical Assessment of Arterial Transport Models. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 51: 807-822.
Abraham JP, Sparrow EM, Lovik RD (2008) Unsteady, three dimensional fluid mechanic Analysis of Blood Flow in Plaque-Narrowed and Plaque-Free Arteries. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 51: 5633-5641.
Stark JR, Gorman JM, Sparrow EM, Abraham JP, Kohler RE (2013) Controlling the Rate of Penetration of a Therapuetic Drug into the Wall of an Artery by Means of a Pressurized Balloon. J Biomech Sci Eng 6: 527-532.
Abraham JP, Sparrow EM, Gorman JM, Stark JR, Kohler RE (2013a) A Mass Transfer Model of Temporal Drug Deposition in Artery Walls. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 59: 632-638.
Abraham JP, Stark JR, Gorman JM, Sparrow EM, Kohler RE (2013b) A Model of Drug Deposition Within Artery Walls. J Medical Devices 6: 020902.
Wang S, Vafai K (2014) Analysis of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Transport With in a Curved Artery. Ann Biomed Eng (in press).
Ellahi R, Rahman S, Nadeem U, Vafai K (2015) The Blood Flow of Prandtl Fluid Through a Tapered Stenosed Arteries in Permeable Walls with Magnetic Field. Comm Theo Phys (in press).
O'Rourke MF, Staessen JA, Vlachopoulos D, Duprez D, Plante GE (2002) Clinical Applications of Arterial Stiffness; Definitions and Reference Values. Am J Hypertension 15: 426-444.
Pannier BM, Avolio AP, Hoeks A, Mancia G, Takazawa K (2002) Methods and Devices for Measuring Arterial Compliance in Humans. Am J Hypertension 15: 743-753.
Woodcock JP, Morris SJ, Wells PNT (1975) Significance of the Velocity Impulse Response and Cross-Correlation of the Femoral and Popliteal Blood-Velocity/Time Waveforms in Disease of the Superficial Femoral Artery. Med Biol Engin 13: 813-818.
Baird RN, Bird DR, Clifford PC, Lusby RJ, Skidmore R, et al. (1980) Upstream Stenosis: Its Diagnosis by Doppler Signals form the Femoral Artery. Arch Surgery 115: 1316-1322.
Nicholls SC, Kohler TR, Martin RL, Neff R, Phillips DJ, et al. (1986) Diastolic Flow as a Predictor of Arterial Stenosis. J Vasc Surgery 3: 498-501.
Burnham SJ, Jacques P, Burnham CB (1992) Noninvasive Detection of Iliac Artery Stenosis in the Presence of Superficial Femoral Artery Obstruction. J Vasc Surgery 16: 45-452.
Risoe C, Wille S (1978) Blood Velocity in Human Arteries Measured by a Bidirectional ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter. Acta Physiol Scand 103: 370-378.
Mohajer K, Zhang H, Gurell D, Ersoy H, Ho B, et al. (2006) Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusive Disease Severity Correlates with MR Cine Phase-Contrast Flow Measurements. J Mag Res Imaging 23: 355-360.
Holland CK, Brown JM, Scoutt LM, Taylor KW (1998) Lower Extremity Volumetric Arterial Blood Flow in Normal Subjects. Ultrasound Med Biol 24: 1079-1086.
Macpherson DS, Evans DH, Bell PRF (1984) Common Femoral Artery Doppler Wave-Forms: A Comparison of Three Methods of Objective Analysis with Direct Pressure Measurements. Br J Surgery 71: 46-49.
Caputo GR, Masui T, Gooding GAW, Chang JM, Higgins CB (1982) Popliteal and Tibioperoneal Arteries: Feasibility of Two Dimensional Time-of-Flight MR Angiography and Phase Velocity Mapping. Cardiovascular Radiology 182: 387-392.
Johnston KW, Maruzzo BC, Cobbold SC (1977) Errors and Artifacts of Doppler Flowmeters and Their Solution. Arch Surgery 112:1335-1342.
Johnston KW, Kassam M, Koers J, Cobbold RSC, MacHattie D (1984) Comparative Study of Four Methods for Quantifying Doppler Ultrasound Waveforms from the Femoral Artery. Ultrasound Med Biol 10: 1-12.
Baker JD, Herbert Machleder HI, Skidmore R (1984) Analysis of Femoral Artery Doppler Signals by Laplace Transform Damping Method. J Vascular Surgery 1: 520-524.
Woodcock JP, Gosling RG, Fitzgerald DE (1972) A New Non-Invasive Technique for Assessment of Superficial Femoral Artery Obstruction. Br J Surgery 59: 226-231.
Spronk S, den Hoed PT, de Jonge LCW, van Dijk LC, Pattynama PMT (2005) Value of the Duplex Waveform at the Common Femoral Artery for Diagnosing Obstructive Aortoiliac Disease. J Vascular Surgery 42: 236-242.
Skidmore R, Woodcock JP (1980) Physiological Interpretations of Doppler-Shift Waveforms – I Theoretical Considerations. Ultrasound Med Biol 6: 7-10.
Tang D, Yang C, Huang Y, Ku DN (1999a) Wall Stress and Strain Analysis Using a Three-Dimensional Thick-Wall Model with Fluid-Structure Interactions for Blood Flow in Carotid Arteries with Stenosis. Computers and Structures 72: 341-356.
Tang D, Yang C, Ku DN (1999) A 3-D Thin-Wall Model with Fluid-Structure Interactions for Blood Flow in Carotid Arteries with Symmetric and Asymmetric Stenosis. Computers and Structures 72: 357-377.
Zhao SZ, Xu XY, Hughes AD, Thom SA, Stanton AV, et al. (2000) Blood Flow and Vessel Mechanics in a Physiologically Realistic Model of a Human Carotid Arterial Bifurcation. Journal of Biomechanics 33: 975-984.
Tang D, Yang C, Walker H, Kobayashi S, Ku DN (2002) Simulating Cyclic Artery Compression Using a 3D Unsteady Model with Fluid-Structure Interactions. Computers and Structures 80: 1651-1665.
Tang D, Yang C, Kobayashi S, Zheng J, Vito RP (2003) Effect of Stenosis Asymmetry on Blood Flow and Artery Compression: A Three-Dimensional Fluid-Structure Interaction Model. Ann Biomed Engin 31: 1182-1193.
Tang D, Yang C, Kobayashi S, Ku DN (2004) Effect of a Lipid Pool on Stress/Strain Distributions in Stenotic Arteries: 3-D Fluid-Structure Interactions (FSI) Models. J Biomech Engin 126: 363-370.
Li Z, Kleinstreuer C (2005) Blood Flow and Structure Interactions in a Stented Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model. Med Engin Physics 27: 369-382.
Torii R, Oshima M, Kobayashi T, Takagi K, Tezduyar TE (2006) Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of Aneurysmal Conditions with High and Normal Blood Pressures. Computational Mechanics 38: 482-490.
Valencia A, Villanueva M (2006) Unsteady Flow and Mass Transfer in Models of Stenotic Arteries Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction. Int Comm Heat Mass Transfer 33: 966-975.
Valencia A, Solis F (2006) Blood Flood Dynamics and Arterial Wall Interaction in a Saccular Aneurysm Model of the Basilar Artery. Computers and Structures 84: 1326-1337.
Torii R, Oshima M, Kobayashi T, Takagi K, Tezduyar TE (2007) Influence of Wall Elasticity in Patient Specific Hemodynamic Simulations. Computers and Fluids 36: 160-168.
Bluestein D, Alemu Y, Avrahami I, Gharib M, Dumont K, et al. (2008) Influence of Microcalcifications on Vulnerable Plaque Mechanics. J Biomech 41: 1111-1118.
Torii R, Oshima M, Kobayashi T, Takagai K, Tezduyar TE (2009) Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of Blood Flow and Cerebral Aneurysm: Significance of Artery and Aneurysm Shapes. Comp Meth Appl Mech Eng 198: 3613-3621.
Khanafer K, Bull JL, Berguer R (2009) Fluid-Structure Interaction of Turbulent Pulsatile Flow Within a Flexible Wall Axisymmetric Aortic Aneurysm Model. Euro J Mech B/Fluids 28: 88-102.
Janela J, Moura A, Sequeira A (2010) A 3D Non-Newtonian Fluid-Structure Interaction Model for Blood Flow in Arteries. J Comput Appl Mech 234: 2783-2791.
Kung EO, Les AS, Figueroa CA, Medina F, Arcaute K, et al. (2011) In Vitro Validation of Finite Element Analysis of Blood Flow in Deformable Models. Ann Biomed Eng 39: 1947-1960.
Croseetto P, Reymond P, Deparis S, Kontaxakis D, Stergiopulos N, et al. (2011) Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Aortic Blood Flow. Computers and Fluids 43: 46-57.
Malve M, Garcia A, Ohayon J, Martinez MA (2012) Unsteady Blood Flow and Mass Transfer of a Human Left Coronary Artery Bifurcation: FSI vs CFD. Int Comm Heat Mass Transfer 39: 745-751.
Reymond P, Crosetto P, Deparis S, Quarteroni A, Stergiopulos N (2013) Physiological Simulation of Blood Flow in the Aorta: Comparison of Hemodynamic Indices as Predicted by 3-D FSI, 3-D Rigid Wall and 1-D Models. Med Eng Physics 35: 784-791.
Liu Y, Dang C, Garcia M, Gregersen H, Kassab GS (2007) Surrounding Tissues Affect the Passive Mechanics of the Vessel Wall: Theory and Experiment. Am J Heart Circ Physiol 293: H3290-H3300.
Moireau P, Xiao N, Astorino M, Figueroa CA, Chapelle D, et al. (2012) External Tissue Support and Fluid-Structure Simulation in Blood Flows. Biomech Modeling i Mechanobiol 11: 1-18.
Sun B, Vallez LJ, Plourde BD, Stark JR, Abraham JP (2015) Influence of Supporting Tissue on the Deformation and Compliance of Healthy and Diseased Arteries. J Biomed Sc Eng 8: 590-599.
Zotz RJ, Erbel R, Philipp A, Judt A, Wagner H, et al. (1992) High-speed rotational angioplasty-induced echo contrast in vivo and in vitro optical analysis. Catheter Cardio Diag 26: 98-109.
Kini A, Marmur J, Duvvuri S, Dangas G, Choudhary S, et al. (1999) Rotational atherectomy: improved procedural outcome with evolution of technique and equipment Single-center results of first 1,000 patients. Catheter Cardio Interven 46: 305-311.
Tamashiro A, Villegas M, Tamashiro G, Enterrios D, Dini A, et al. (2008) Retrograde Rotablator in Limb Salvage: A New Technique Using an Open Approach. Cariodvascular Inter Radiol 29: 854-856.
Helgeson ZI, Jenkins J, Abraham JP, Sparrow EM (2011) Particle Trajectories and Agglomeration/Accumulation in Branching Arteries Subjected to Orbital Atherectomy. Open Biomed Eng J 5: 1108-1116.
Adams G, Khanna P, Staniloae C, Abraham JP, Sparrow EM (2011) Optimal Techniques with the Diamondback 360 System Achieve Effective Results for the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Cardiovascular Trans Res 4: 220-229.
Ramazani-Rend R, Chelikani S, Sparrow EM, Abraham JP (2010) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Orbital Atherectomy: Absence of Cavitation. J Biomed Science Eng 3: 1108-1116.
Stanlioe CS, Korabathina R (2014) Orbital Atherectomy: Device Evolution and Clinical Data. J Invasive Cadiol 26: 215-219.
McVeigh GE, Bank AJ, Cohn JN (2007) Arterial Compliance, in Cardiovascular Medicine, edited by Willerson, JT, Wellens. HJJ, Cohn, JN, Holmes, DR, Springer 1811-1831.
Tai NRM, Giudiceandrea A, Salacinski HJ, Seifalian AM, Hamilton G (1999) In vivo femoropopliteal arterial wall compliance in subjects with and without lower limb disease. J Vasc Surgery 30: 936-945.
Paini A, Boutouyrie P, Calvet D, Zidi M, (2007) Multiaxial Mechanical Charactertistics of Carotid Plaque. Stroke 38: 117-123.