The risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A discussion of the link, response to treatment, and the path forward
Main Article Content
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2021 Ben Shimol J.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Cobb S, Anderson F, Bauer W (1953) Length of life and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 249: 553–556. Link: https://bit.ly/3wK2GGe
Chen J, Norling LV, Cooper D (2021) Cardiac Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Inflammation. Cells 10: 881. Link: https://bit.ly/3gQPmJd .
Castañeda S, Nurmohamed MT, González-Gay MA (2016) Cardiovascular disease in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 30: 851-869. Link: https://bit.ly/3qlu5vS
Sharifzadeh B, Kalbasi R, Jahangiri M, Toghraie D, Karimipour A (2020) Computer modeling of pulsatile blood flow in elastic artery using a software program for application in biomedical engineering. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 192: 105442. Link: https://bit.ly/3wNU5Cy
Charles-Schoeman C, Lee YY, Grijalva V, Amjadi S, FitzGerald J, et al. (2012) Cholesterol efflux by high density lipoproteins is impaired in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71: 1157–1162. Link: https://bit.ly/3zL33T0
Wållberg-Jonsson S, Caidahl K, Klintland N, Nyberg G, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S (2008) Increased arterial stiffness and indication of endothelial dysfunction in long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 37: 1–5. Link: https://bit.ly/3xHsBP3
He M, Liang X, He L, Wen W, Zhao S, et al. (2013) Endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1-induced protein. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 33: 1384–1391. Link: https://bit.ly/3vKwfG8
Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Nie XW, Bian JS (2020) Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link Between Inflammation and Hydrogen Sulfide. Frontiers Pharmacology 10: 1568. Link: https://bit.ly/3vJ7L04
WHO (2000) Cardiovascular diseases. Link: https://bit.ly/3zHEoyr
van den Hoek J, Boshuizen HC, Roorda LD, Tijhuis GJ, Nurmohamed MT, et al. (2017) Mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 15-year prospective cohort study. Rheumatology international 37: 487–493. Link: https://bit.ly/3vH63MD
Widdifield J, Bernatsky S, Paterson JM, Tomlinson G, Tu K, et al. (2015) Trends in Excess Mortality Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Ontario, Canada. Arthritis care & research 67: 1047–1053. Link: https://bit.ly/2SGwAwr
Chodara AM, Wattiaux A, Bartel CM (2017) Managing Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Updates and Three Strategic Approaches. Current Rheumatology Reports 19: 16. Link: https://bit.ly/3vSWvP3
Bissell LA, Erhayiem B, Fent G, Hensor E, Burska A, et al. (2018) Carotid artery volumetric measures associate with clinical ten-year cardiovascular (CV) risk scores and individual traditional CV risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis; a carotid-MRI feasibility study. Arthritis Research & Therapy 20: 266. Link: https://bit.ly/3wFLDoG
Bradham WS, Ormseth MJ, Oeser A, Solus JF, Gebretsadik T, et al. (2014) Insulin resistance is associated with increased concentrations of NT-proBNP in rheumatoid arthritis: IL-6 as a potential mediator. Inflammation 37: 801–808. Link: https://bit.ly/3gGuTbq
Urman A, Taklalsingh N, Sorrento C, McFarlane IM (2018) Inflammation beyond the Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cardiovascular Disease. Scifed J Cardiol 2: 1000019. Link: https://bit.ly/2TOuryX
Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Suissa S (2005) Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 44: 677–680. Link: https://bit.ly/2UgP9HH
Marks JL, Edwards CJ (2012) Protective effect of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular comorbidity. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 4: 149–157. Link: https://bit.ly/3gRRZdM
Deyab G, Hokstad I, Whist JE, Smastuen MC, Agewall S, et al. (2017) Methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment improves endothelial function in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 19: 232. Link: https://bit.ly/3zKnizV
Solomon DH, Reed GW, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Farkouh ME, et al. (2015) Disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cardiovascular events. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 67: 1449-1455. Link: https://bit.ly/3ja6NYn
Barnabe C, Martin BJ, Ghali WA (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis: anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 63: 522–529. Link: https://bit.ly/3xtoFRM
Galarraga B, Khan F, Kumar P, Pullar T, Belch JJ (2009) Etanercept improves inflammation-associated arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 48: 1418–1423. Link: https://bit.ly/3zENZWN
Kotani K, Miyamoto M, Ando H (2017) The Effect of Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis on Endothelial Dysfunction Evaluated by Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Current Vascular Pharmacology 15: 10–18. Link: https://bit.ly/3gIlwIn
Hoffman E, Rahat MA, Feld J, Elias M, Rosner I, et al. (2019) Effects of Tocilizumab, an Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody, on Serum Lipid and Adipokine Levels in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 20: 4633. Link: https://bit.ly/3vHDRcD
Yokoe I, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi Y, Giles JT, Yoneyama K, et al. (2018) Impact of tocilizumab on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis without cardiac symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol 47: 364-370. Link: https://bit.ly/3zHjIXq
Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Katsimbri P, Lambadiari V, Parissis J, et al. (2020) Tocilizumab improves oxidative stress and endothelial glycocalyx: A mechanism that may explain the effects of biological treatment on COVID-19. Food and Chemical Toxicology 145: 111694. Link: https://bit.ly/3iVSaYh
Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Katsimbri P, Andreadou I, Triantafyllidi H, et al. (2019) Differential effects of inhibition of interleukin 1 and 6 on myocardial, coronary and vascular function. Clin Res Cardiol 108: 1093–1101. Link: https://bit.ly/3gSx0I9
Kang EH, Jin Y, Brill G, Lewey J, Patorno E, et al. (2018) Comparative Cardiovascular Risk of Abatacept and Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis With and Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Multidatabase Cohort Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 7: e007393. Link: https://bit.ly/3gMN7qn
Matsumoto T, Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Emoto T, Kasahara K, et al. (2016) Overexpression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 Prevents Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 36: 1141–1151. Link: https://bit.ly/3cXFQ6a
Pérez-Baos S, Barrasa JI, Gratal P, Larrañaga-Vera A, Prieto-Potin I, et al. (2017) Tofacitinib restores the inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport induced by inflammation: understanding the lipid paradox associated with rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal Pharmacology 174: 3018–3031. Link: https://bit.ly/3cYJpsJ
Wolk R, Armstrong EJ, Hansen PR, Thiers B, Lan S, et al. (2017) Effect of tofacitinib on lipid levels and lipid-related parameters in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. J Clin Lipidol 11: 1243-1256. Link: https://bit.ly/35EQlXX
Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S, Kanazawa T, Ohta H, et al. (2017) Tofacitinib improves atherosclerosis despite up-regulating serum cholesterol in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology International 37: 2079–2085. Link: https://bit.ly/3xCR488
Yang X, Jia J, Yu Z, Duanmu Z, He H, et al. (2020) Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 signaling attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbit. BMC cardiovascular disorders 20: 133. Link: https://bit.ly/3xtpkme
Novikova D, Kirillova I, Markelova E, Udachkina H, Gerasimova H, et al. (2019) The first report of significantly improvement of NT-proBNP level in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tofacitinib during 12-month follow-up, European Heart Journal 40: ehz745.0836. Link: https://bit.ly/3xAiD1z
Syngle A, Garg N, Chauhan K (2021) POS0205 Amelioration of endothelial dysfunction with JAK inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis: JAK CV-Risk reduction study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80: 318-319. Link: https://bit.ly/35GZGP8
Charles-Schoeman C, et al. (2019) Treatment with upadactinib is associated with improvements in reverse cholesterol transport in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Correlation with changes in inflammation and HDL levels. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 78: 356.2-357. Link: https://bit.ly/3cWPKVL
Giles JT (2015) Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: Current perspectives on assessing and mitigating risk in clinical practice. Best practice & research. Clinical Rheumatology 29: 597–613. Link: https://bit.ly/3xE9FRg
Ghosh-Swaby OR, Kuriya B (2019) Awareness and perceived risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals living with rheumatoid arthritis is low: results of a systematic literature review. Arthritis Research & Therapy 21: 33. Link: https://bit.ly/3wJC0pd
Barber CE, Esdaile JM, Martin LO, Faris P, Barnabe C, et al. (2016) Gaps in Addressing Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Assessing Performance Using Cardiovascular Quality Indicators. Journal of Rheumatology 43: 1965–1973. Link: https://bit.ly/3qeEBVv
Frølund JC, Primdahl J (2015) Patients' Experiences of Nurse-Led Screening for Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Musculoskeletal care 13: 236–247.
Boo S, Oh H, Froelicher ES, Suh CH (2017) Knowledge and perception of cardiovascular disease risk among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PloS One 12: e0176291. Link: https://bit.ly/3zJm1ZW
Alm-Roijer C, Stagmo M, Udén G, Erhardt L (2004) Better knowledge improves adherence to lifestyle changes and medication in patients with coronary heart disease. European journal of cardiovascular nursing : journal of the Working Group on Cardiovascular Nursing of the European Society of Cardiology 3: 321-330. Link: https://bit.ly/3wJ2mYo
Kaczorowski J, Chambers LW, Dolovich L, Paterson JM, Karwalajtys T, et al. (2011) Improving cardiovascular health at population level: 39 community cluster randomised trial of Cardiovascular Health Awareness Program (CHAP). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 342.
Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, et al. (2016) 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 68: 1-25. Link: https://bit.ly/3cXcvsl
Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, Burmester GR, Dougados M, et al. (2020) EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis 79: 685–699. Link: https://bit.ly/3vErdLn
Arts EE, Fransen J, Den Broeder AA, van Riel P, Popa CD (2017) Low disease activity (DAS28≤3.2) reduces the risk of first cardiovascular event in rheumatoid arthritis: a time-dependent Cox regression analysis in a large cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 76: 1693–1699. Link: https://bit.ly/3zJrLDd
Roodenrijs N, Kedves M, Hamar A, Nagy G, van Laar JM, et al. (2021) Diagnostic issues in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 7: e001511. Link: https://bit.ly/3gQnsNA